Tehran Introduction and History

1. Located in northern Iran, Tehran has a relatively short history as a capital city. It became the capital of the Qajar dynasty (the last unified dynasty of Iran and the Persian Empire) in 1796 and gradually evolved into the country's political, economic, and cultural center. 2. Golestan Palace, initially built during the Safavid dynasty and later expanded under the Qajar dynasty, saw most of its construction completed during the 200-year reign of the Qajars. The palace blends early Persian craftsmanship with Western architectural elements and eventually became the center of power for the Qajar dynasty. Notable features within the palace include the Almas Hall (Diamond Hall), the Mirror Hall, and the Windcatchers. The Diamond Hall showcases traditional Iranian glass mosaic work and intricate miniature paintings, creating a magnificent atmosphere. 3. Niavaran Palace, built in 1968, served as the residence of the last Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) and his family before the revolution. Its design eschews the complex and elaborate style of classical European palaces, opting instead for Iranian architectural aesthetics with a simple and modern approach. The palace also houses a collection of art from around the world, including pieces from China. 4. Sa'd Abad Museum (also known as the Summer Palace) was a royal summer retreat. The National Museum of Iran houses a replica of the renowned Code of Hammurabi, unearthed from the ancient city of Susa (whose history predates the founding of Persia by over 5,000 years). The original artifact is located in the Richelieu Wing of the Louvre Museum in Paris. 5. The Code of Hammurabi: Why is it so renowned? It is considered the world's first comprehensive written legal code and the most representative example of cuneiform law. It was promulgated around 1776 BC by King Hammurabi of ancient Babylon (reigned circa 1792–1750 BC, during the middle to late Xia Dynasty in China) after he unified his empire. The top of the stele depicts King Hammurabi receiving a symbol of royal authority from the sun god and god of justice, Shamash, signifying divine right. Below this are cuneiform inscriptions in Akkadian, outlining laws related to criminal and civil matters, trade, marriage, inheritance, and judicial proceedings. The scenery here is truly stunning.